Hiccups are caused by several factors. Common triggers include stomach distension, often after eating too much or drinking carbonated beverages, which causes the stomach to expand. Sudden temperature changes can also stimulate the diaphragm, leading to hiccups. Stress and anxiety can also trigger hiccups, as well as abdominal or chest surgery, which may stimulate the phrenic or vagus nerve.

To stop hiccups, several remedies can be tried. Drinking water slowly can help regulate contractions in the esophagus and prevent diaphragm spasms. Consuming sugar can interrupt nerve impulses and calm hiccups, especially in children. Covering your ears or deep breathing may also help by stimulating the vagus nerve. Additionally, a fear response or sticking your tongue out can relieve hiccups by creating pressure in the throat.